In which situation should a notary refuse to notarize a document?

A notary should refuse to notarize a document when the signer is present but unable to comprehend it. This situation is critical because notarization requires that the signer understands the nature of the document they are signing, as well as the implications and responsibilities that come with it. If the signer cannot comprehend the document, there is a risk that they may not fully consent to the terms laid out, which undermines the integrity of the notarization process. Notaries have a responsibility to ensure that the signer is making an informed decision, and failing to do so could lead to issues of fraud, coercion, or unintended consequences for the signer.

In contrast, other scenarios, such as when a signer is not familiar with the document or when the signer's friend is present, do not necessarily warrant refusal. Familiarity with the document can be addressed by providing further explanation. Having a friend present may not impair the signer's ability to understand or voluntarily sign, assuming no undue pressure is being exerted. Questionable reasoning from the signer could raise concerns, but it does not automatically justify a refusal unless it is clearly indicative of a lack of understanding or capacity to sign.